Theater Ballistic Missile Defense from the SeaCharles C. Swicker - Newport Paper 14
Theater Ballistic Missile Defense from the Sea
An extract and adaptation of this paper appeared in the form of an article in the Spring 1997 issue of the Naval War College Review.
Notes
1. Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, "Theater Missile Defense Command and Control Plan (Initial Draft)" (hereafter BMDO TMD C2 Plan draft) (Washington: 31 May 1995), p. 2–22.
2. Ibid., p. 2–26.
3. Ibid. p. 3–4.
4. Ralph Peters, "After the Revolution," Parameters, vol. XXV, no. 2, Summer 1995, pp. 7–8.
5. Alvin and Heidi Toffler, War and Anti-War (New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1993), pp. 298–299.
6. Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Military Strategy of the United States of America (Washington: 1995) p. i.
7. Ibid.
8. Roger C. Molander and Peter A. Wilson, "On Dealing with the Prospect of Nuclear Chaos," Washington Quarterly, vol. 17, no. 3, Summer 1994, p. 31.
9. R. Jeffrey Smith and John M. Goshko, "Iraq Buying Missile Parts Covertly," Washington Post, 14 October 1995, p. 1.
10. Joint Staff (J36), Joint Theater Missile Defense CONOPS (hereafter J36 TMD CONOPS) (Washington: 1995), p. 7 (Table 3–1).
11. Andrew Hull, "The Role of Ballistic Missiles in Third World Defence Strategies," Jane's Intelligence Review, vol. 3, no. 10, October 1991, p. 467.
12. Jerome H. Kahan, Nuclear Threats from Small States (Carlisle Barracks, Penn.: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 13 July 1994), p. 4.
13. Chris Hedges, "Iran Smuggles Nuclear Technology through Europe," New York Times, 15 March 1995, p. A1.
14. Gary H. Cheek, "Coping with Mass Destruction: United States Power Projection in the Nuclear and Chemical Third World," AD-A274 359 (Cameron Station, Va.: Defense Technical Information Center, 1993), p. 34.
15. Global Wargame '95 Senior Executive Seminar, "TBM and NBC Issues: Seminar #6" (hereafter Global Wargame '95) (Newport, R.I.: 27 July 1995).
16. Paul R.S. Gebhard, "Not by Diplomacy or Defense Alone: The Role of Regional Security Strategies in U.S. Proliferation Policies," Washington Quarterly, vol. 18, no. 1, Winter 1995, p. 173.
17. National Military Strategy of the United States of America, p. 13.
18. Michele A. Flournoy, "Implications for U.S. Strategy," in New Nuclear Nations, eds. Robert D. Blackwill and Albert Carnesale (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993), p. 156.
19. For a further discussion of this issue, see Dan Rather, "Honest Brokers of Information," Naval War College Review, vol. XLVIII, no. 4, Autumn 1995, pp. 34–42.
20. "TMD Exercise Reveals U.S. Deficiencies," International Defense Review, vol. 28, no. 9, September 1995, p. 9.
21. (N865) CENTCOM "lessons learned" section of Director, Theater Air Warfare, "Roving Sands 95 Exercise Lessons Learned" (23 May 1995) briefing package (hereafter (N865) Roving Sands 95).
22. J36 TMD CONOPS, p. 3.
23. Ibid., pp. 3–4.
24. Ibid., pp. 55–56.
25. Ibid., p. 6.
26. (N865) Roving Sands 95.
27. J36 TMD CONOPS, p. 6.
28. Director, Theater Air Warfare (N865), "Naval Theater Ballistic Missile Defense (Naval TBMD) White Paper" (Hereafter (N865) Naval TBMD White Paper) (Washington: 1 June 1995), p. 4.
29. Tony Cullen and Christopher F. Foss, eds., Jane's Land-Based Air Defence 1995-96 (8th ed.) (Alexandria, Va.: Jane's Information Group, 1995), p. 300.
30. Malcolm R. O'Neill (LtGen, USA), "Ballistic Missile Defenses: Paths of Protection," Defense 95, Issue 3, 1995, p. 18.
31. BMDO TMD C2 Plan draft, pp. 2–5 and 2–6.
32. J36 TMD CONOPS, p. 53.
33. (N865) Naval TBMD White Paper, p. 6.
34. National Test Facility, "Studies, Analysis and Technology (SA&T) Support Report Player Handbook, Theater Missile Defense (TMD) Wargame 95B, 6-8 September 1995," CDRL No: B055-0008-212-004 (hereafter NTF Wargame 95B) (Colorado Springs: 1995), p. 37.
35. Mark Hewish and Clifford Beal, "Providing the Umbrella," International Defense Review, vol. 28, no. 8, August 1995, p. 33.
36. BMDO TMD C2 Plan draft, p. 2–8.
37. Roger L. Berg, "Joint Ground Station Offers Real-Time Tactical Ballistic Missile Warnings," Signal, March 1995, p. 40.
38. Hewish and Beal, p. 33.
39. Richard Scott, Vincent Grimes, and Joris Janssen Lok, "Shooting for New Targets," Jane's Navy International, vol. 100, no. 4, July/August 1995, p. 29.
40. (N865) Roving Sands 95.
41. James Edward Pitts, "Theater Ballistic Missile Defenses: An Emerging Role for the Navy?" (Unpublished Research Paper, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Calif.: 1992), p. 47.
42. BMDO TMD C2 Plan draft, p. 3–7.
43. Rodney Rempt, (RADM, USN), quoted in (N865) Roving Sands 95.
44. Director, Theater Air Warfare (N865), "Navy Theater Ballistic Missile Defense (TBMD) Operational Requirements Document (ORD) (Draft F)" (hereafter TBMD Draft ORD) (Washington: 10 August 1995), p. 16.
45. J36 TMD CONOPS, p. 41.
46. Director, Theater Air Warfare (N865), "Navy Theater Ballistic Missile Defense," 6 July 1995, briefing package.
47. (N865) "Roving Sands 95.
48. Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, "Naval TBMD COEA," DY 2-21-95 draft briefing package (Dahlgren, Va.: 1995) (hereafter Naval TBMD COEA).
49. (N865), Roving Sands 95.
50. Naval TBMD COEA.
51. BMDO TMD C2 Plan draft, p. 2–24.
52. (N865) Naval TBMD White Paper, p. 11.
53. Ibid., p. 11.
54. Ibid., p. 7.
55. Scott et al., p. 29.
56. J36 TMD CONOPS, p. 36.
57. BMDO TMD C2 Plan draft, Appendix G, p. G–6.
58. Robert B. Powers, "Airborne Infrared Detection of Theater Ballistic Missiles and Cueing of the AEGIS Radar in a Space and Electronic Warfare Environment" (Unpublished Research Paper, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Calif.: 1993).
59. Mark Hewish and Barbara Starr, "Catching the Bullet: Theatre Missile Defense Faces Reality," International Defense Review, vol. 27, no. 6, June 1994, p. 39.
60. Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, "CG 65 Class Tactical Manual," NWP 65–31 (Washington: 1993), pp. 8–5 through 8–7; Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, "DDG 51 Class Tactical Manual, NWP 65–14 (Washington: 1994), pp. 8–5 through 8–6.
61. Commander, Naval Surface Force, United States Atlantic Fleet, "CG 47 Class Combat Systems Doctrine," COMNAVSURFLANTINST C3516.48 (Washington: 1994), p. 7–17.
62. AEGIS PROGRAM MANAGER, WASHINGTON DC (PMS400F) 141726Z FEB 95, "CG-47 CLASS FUEL CONSUMPTION," naval message.
63. NTF Wargame 95B, p. 22.
64. Robert E. Sullivan, Hien T. Pham, Jack D. Keenan, and Joseph S. Domin, AAW Concepts for Improving Battle Force Sustainability and Strike Capacity, CRM 89-110 (Alexandria, Va.: Center for Naval Analyses, 1989), p. A–1.
65. Ibid., p. A–6.
66. Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, "TOMAHAWK Land Attack Missile (TLAM-C/D) Employment Manual," NWP 3-03.1 (REV. A) (Washington: 1995), pp. 4–43 and 4–44; pp. N–1 and N–2.
67. Ibid., p. N–1.
68. (N865) "Navy Theater Ballistic Missile Defense," briefing package.
69. NWP 3-03.1 (REV. A), p. N–1.
70. J36 TMD CONOPS, p. 53.
71. Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, Acquisition/Theater Missile Defense Deputate, "Theater Missile Defense (TMD) Overview" (hereafter BMDO TMD Overview) (Washington: 1995), briefing package.
72. Martin Van Creveld, Command in War (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1985), p. 16.
73. Graham T. Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman and Co. 1971), p. 72.
74. Much of the scenario for NTF Wargame 95B was built upon this premise, albeit with more and more ships as the game progressed.
75. Global Wargame '95.
76. Commander, Naval Doctrine Command, "Naval Command and Control," NDP 6 (Norfolk, Va.: 19 May 1995), p. 9.
77. (N865) Naval TBMD White Paper, p. 7.
78. J36 TMD CONOPS, p. 52.
79. TBMD Draft ORD, p. 24.
80. Commander, U.S. Naval Forces, Central Command, "Naval Theater Ballistic Missile Defense (TBMD) CONOPS (Draft)," Bahrain, 11 August 1995, p. 7.
81. "TMD Exercise Reveals U.S. Deficiencies," International Defense Review, vol. 28, no. 9, September 1995, p. 9 [inset].
82. J36 TMD CONOPS, p. 26.
83. NTF Wargame 95B, p. 19.
84. (N865) "Navy Theater Ballistic Missile Defense," briefing package.
85. BMDO TMD C2 Plan draft, p. 3–14.
86. TBMD Draft ORD, pp. 32–33.
87. BMDO TMD C2 Plan draft, p. 3–28.
88. BMDO TMD C2 Plan draft, p. 3–15.
89. J36 TMD CONOPS, p. 24.
90. Naval Doctrine Command, "Preliminary Draft Naval Theater Ballistic Missile Defense (TBMD) CONOPS" (Norfolk, Va.: 3 July 1995), p. 4–3.
91. J36 TMD CONOPS, p. 26.
92. Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, "TOMAHAWK Land Attack Missile (TLAM) Launch Platform Weapon Systems and Tactics," NWP 3-03.2 (Washington: 1994), p. 4–3.
93. BMDO TMD C2 Plan draft, p. I–A1–14.
94. (N865) "Navy Theater Ballistic Missile Defense," briefing package.
95. (N865) Naval TBMD White Paper, p. 8.
96. (N865) "Navy Theater Ballistic Missile Defense," briefing package.
97. Marc Dean Millot, Roger C. Molander, and Peter A. Wilson, "The Day After . . ." Study: Nuclear Proliferation in the Post-Cold War World (Vols. I–III), MR-253/266/267 (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 1993), vol. I, p. xii.
98. (N865) Naval TBMD White Paper, p. 1.
99. (N865) Roving Sands 95.
100. Joris Janssen Lok, "Turning Theory into Practice," International Defense Review, vol. 28, no. 8, August 1995, p. 36.
101. Benjamin P. Riley, "Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrations: Retrospect and Future," Precision Strike Digest, vol. 8, no. 5, September 1995, p. 7.
102. "SMERCH Submunitions make show debut," Jane's Defence Weekly, vol. 24, no. 13, 30 September 1995, p. 15; Yuri Voronov and Mikhail Svetlanov, " 'VIVARI' Controls 'SMERCH' Launchers," Military Parade, May/June 1994, pp. 22–27.
103. Eric Rosenlof, "Contingency Blues," Naval Institute Proceedings, January 1995, p. 54.
104. J. Ashley Roach, "Rules of Engagement," Naval War College Review, vol. XXXVI, no 1, January-February 1983, p. 46.
105. Commander, Naval Doctrine Command, "The Commander's Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations," NWP 1-14M, (Norfolk, Va.: 1995), p. 5–3.
106. Roach, p. 46.
107. Ibid., p. 49.
108. Kahan, p. 5.
109. Roach, p. 53. Guy R. Phillips (1993) attributes this thought to D.P. O'Connell, who is also cited by Roach for his book The Influence of Law on Seapower (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1975).
110. Rodney Rempt (RADM, USN), Director, Theater Air Warfare (N865), interview by author, 13 October 1995.
111. NWP 1-14M, p. 3–4.
112. Ibid., p. 2–11.
113. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Standing Rules of Engagement for U.S. Forces, CJCSI 3121.01(CH 1) (Washington: 22 Dec 1994): p. A–B–3.
114. Hewish and Starr, p. 36.
115. NTF Wargame 95B, pp. 30–31.
116. Ibid., p. 31.
117. Guy R. Phillips, "Rules of Engagement: A Primer," The Army Lawyer, Department of the Army Pamphlet 27-50-248 (Washington: 1993), p. 12.
118. Kahan, p. 15.
119. BMDO TMD C2 Plan draft, p. 3–11.
120. J36 TMD CONOPS, p. 59.
121. Hewish and Beal, p. 28.
122. Naval TBMD COEA.
123. BMDO TMD Overview.
124. Ibid.
125. J36 TMD CONOPS, p. 53.
126. David Silverberg, "Light Saber: Can the Air Force's Airborne Laser Program Reach Maturity?" Armed Forces Journal International, vol. 133, no. 3, October 1995, p. 58.
127. Hewish and Starr, p. 32.
128. BMDO TMD C2 Plan draft, p. 2–18.
129. J36 TMD CONOPS, p. 61.
130. Joint Chiefs of Staff, "Doctrine for Joint Theater Missile Defense," Joint Pub 3–01.5 (Washington: 1994), p. III–16.
131. BMDO TMD C2, p. 8–9.
132. NTF Wargame 95B, p. 48.
133. BMDO TMD C2 Plan draft, p. 8–8.
134. Commander in Chief, United States European Command, "USEUCOM Concept for Theater Missile Defense Operations" (Stuttgart: 1994), p. 3.
135. Ibid.
136. Ibid., p. 7.
137. (N865) Roving Sands 95.
138. Ibid.
139. William A. Owens (ADM., USN), High Seas: The Naval Passage to an Uncharted World (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1995), p. 64.
140. Hewish and Starr, p. 39.
141. Hewish and Beal, p. 31.
142. (N865) Naval TBMD White Paper, p. 10.
143. Joint Pub 3-01.5, p. II–9.
144. J36 TMD CONOPS, p. 55.
145. Richard L. Wagner, Jr., "Dealing with Uncertainty in Theater Missile Defense: Pre-Planned, Near-Real-Time Assessment and Adaptation—An Example in Depth: Countermeasures," in Theater Missile Defense: Systems and Issues 1993 (Washington: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993), p. 180.
146. Many thanks to Professor Frank M. Snyder, Professor Emeritus of Command, Control, and Communications at the Naval War College, for this succinct thought.
147. Stephen A. Cambone, "Multinational Cooperation on TMD," in Theater Missile Defense: Systems and Issues 1993, p. 236.